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Every entry is one instrument, and what it obliges.

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28 entries · 4 sections

The whole register

Every entry is one instrument, and what it obliges. This is the complete list.

A wall of bound annual filings on open shelving in a records room, labelled spines, fluorescent light

Plate · the recordEvery organisation on the register files once a year, and the filing stays readable afterwards. The twenty-eight entries below take one instrument each.

Legal Form

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  • 501(c)(3)

    No campaign intervention at all; lobbying limited; assets locked to a charitable purpose.

  • 501(c)(4)

    Social welfare as the primary purpose, no donor deduction, and no ceiling on lobbying.

  • 501(c)(6)

    A common business interest among members, and dues that may be only partly deductible to them.

  • Private foundation

    An annual payout, excise tax on investment income, and the 990-PF whatever the size.

  • Fiscal sponsorship

    The sponsor holds the funds and carries the legal responsibility for how they are spent.

  • The public support test

    Support measured as a fraction over a rolling window and reported on Schedule A.

The Return

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  • Form 990

    Every filing exempt organisation above the small thresholds, annually and in public.

  • Form 990-EZ and 990-N

    Small filers, annually. The e-Postcard reports eight data points and nothing else.

  • Form 990-PF

    Every private foundation, listing each grant paid and its contributors unredacted.

  • Schedule O

    Narrative answers to everything the boxes on the return cannot hold.

  • Public inspection

    Producing the return on request, at the organisation’s own office, without delay.

  • Where filings are read

    Nothing — but each one decides what the record looks like by the time a reader finds it.

  • The determination letter

    Nothing further, once issued — but everything downstream depends on producing it.

  • State registration

    Registering, and renewing, in every state where the organisation asks the public for money.

  • The annual cycle

    The fifteenth day of the fifth month after the year ends, extension or not.

  • Automatic revocation

    Three consecutive years unfiled, and exemption ends without anyone deciding to end it.

Governance

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  • The board

    Care, loyalty and obedience — duties held by the board itself, not by the staff it hires.

  • Bylaws and quorum

    How many people have to be in the room before the organisation can be said to have acted.

  • Minutes

    A contemporaneous record of what was decided and who was in the room.

  • Conflict of interest

    Disclosure, recusal and an annual signed statement — and a public answer on Part VI.

  • Excess benefit

    The individual who received the benefit, not the organisation, pays the excise tax.

  • Part VI of the return

    Answering, in public, whether each policy exists — not having the policy.

  • Restricted and unrestricted

    Spending the gift only as the donor specified, permanently where they said so.

  • Grants and contracts

    Whatever the document actually obliges, regardless of which word is printed at the top.

  • Endowment

    Prudent management of the fund, and a spending rule that outlives its authors.

  • Functional expense

    Placing every dollar spent in one of three columns, and standing behind the method.

  • The overhead ratio

    Nothing. It is a calculation performed on the return by its readers.

  • Unrelated business income

    Tax at ordinary rates on income from a trade or business unrelated to the exempt purpose.